After the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Pleurotus spp. are the most widely cultivated edible mushrooms. This book is devoted to the biology and cultivation of Pleurotus spp., emphasizing the positive characteristics and impressive trajectory of the cultivation of these mushrooms. The book begins with an update on the situation of the genus in terms of world production – mainly in Iberoamerican countries. Chapters include information on genetic resources of the genus, biodiversity and importance of microorganisms in the mycosphere and characteristics and importance of their enzymes. Cultivation practices are discussed and a review of the medicinal properties and biotechnological uses are provided.