This book is the result of an investigation of the turtles’s osteology (Trachemys callirostris callirostris) and the morrocoya or morrocoy (Chelonoidis carbonaria), motivated by the need to identify species, multiple fragments of turtles that were recovered in the archaeological sites excavations. The comparative study of bones between the two species of turtles presented here seeks to provide support for zooarchaeological research, while serving as a reference guide for research on the reptiles osteology in general, and therefore, relevant to other fields of knowledge, such as biology.