This work has important material that helps us to understand challenges and complexity about aboriginal communities that face issues such as gender equality, defense of women rights in cultural societies or systems in which there is a tradition of subordination or relegation, under-age tutorship, diversity and respect for minorities, land possession, inclusion and exclusion in a world which paradoxically is in favor of new occidental ideas that have come to replace old visions of contempt for aborigens and for those who are different. These issues, focus on communities of Argentina and other Latin American countries. Understanding the legitimacy of claims as well as the ethical and legal reasons which support them is essential for professionals who want to understand future challenges and necessity of using an inclusive and sustainable development.