This book deals with paradigms, proto-ideas and also ways of thinking, collective thoughts and scientific revolutions. In this book we speak about subjects ranging from the origins of man and the unpredictability of the evolution of knowledge and science to concepts and mechanisms of formation of internal images (as in a mirror) for the recognition (of the image) of real world objects (including microbes). The texts permeate both historical narratives – such as the one of cognitive immunology – and the description of the nervous system functioning. The topics discussed in each chapter are explained to the reader with the help of concepts from different disciplines, often alien to the collective thinking of scientists in our areas. Thus, some ideas, initially proto-ideas, have required maturation through interaction with specialists in the various disciplines addressed.