In this second edition of the Red Book of the Endemic Plants of Ecuador, the conservation state of 4,500 plant species with restricted distribution to the Ecuadorian territory is analyzed, and distribution maps for each species are included. In the introductory chapters, specialists with in-depth understanding of Ecuadorian flora, present a general vision regarding vegetation in Ecuador’s different natural regions; in addition, the conservation level of terrestrial ecosystems in continental Ecuador is analyzed, based on the level of transformation and protection. Unfortunately, 78% of endemic plant species in Ecuador are in some degree threatened, and 32% are at serious risk of extinction due to deforestation and habitat alteration. Thanks to the effort of numerous scientists and worldwide institutions, this work gathers basic taxonomic and ecological information to enable protection and management of Ecuadorian flora.